Determinants of Board Interlocking in the Brazilian Capital Market

Authors

  • Flávio Ribeiro Professor na Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (Unicentro) – Campus de Irati
  • Romualdo Douglas Colauto Professor na Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)
  • Ademir Clemente Professor Associado VII na Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17524/repec.v10i4.1403

Keywords:

Board Interlocking, Board of Administrators, Brazilian capital market, Bovespa, Social networks

Abstract

The objective in this article was to identify the main determinants of Board Interlocking in the Brazilian capital market. As the theoretical structure, the Agency theory and Corporate Governance, the Resource Dependence theory and the Board of Administrators and the Characteristics of Board Interlocking. The sample consists of 58 Brazilian companies that participate in the Bovespa Index (Ibovespa). An empirical analytic study was undertaken. With regard to the objectives, it is characterized as exploratory and, with regard to the procedures, a documentary research was undertaken. The data on the Boards of Administrators were collected from the Reference Forms available on the website of the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA). The results found demonstrate the generalized presence of Board Interlocking in these companies, normally associated with four factors: (1) economic group formation; (2) governmental control; (3) formation of pension funds; and (4) presence of professionals with acknowledged market experience. The results also suggest that the first three factors give rise to long-lasting links and that these connections are hard to break. On the other hand, the links established through professionals with market experience tend to be more unstable because the presence of these professionals is highly demanded to serve on the board of different companies.

Author Biographies

Flávio Ribeiro, Professor na Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (Unicentro) – Campus de Irati

Mestre pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)

Romualdo Douglas Colauto, Professor na Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)

Doutorado pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)

Ademir Clemente, Professor Associado VII na Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)

Pós-doutorado pela Universidade de Londres

References

Au, K., Peng, M. W. & Wang, D. (2000). Interlocking directorates, firm strategies and performance in Hong Kong: Towards a research agenda. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 17(1), pp. 29-47. doi: 10.1023/A:1015432819596

Barney, J. B. & Hesterly, W. (2004). Economia das organizações: entendendo a relação entre as organizações e a análise econômica. In: Clegg, S. R., Handy, C. & Nord, W. R. (org.). Handbook de estudos organizacionais: ação e análise organizacionais. São Paulo: Atlas.

Barringer, B. R. & Harrison, J. S. (2000). Walking a tightrope: creating value through interorganizational relationships. Journal of Management, 26(3), pp. 367-403. doi:10.1016/S0149-2063(00)00046-5

Battiston, S. G., Weisbuch & Bonabeau E. (2003). Decision spread in the corporate board network. Advances in Complex Sysytems, 6, pp 631-644. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219525903001109

Becht, M., Bolton, P. & Röell, A. A. (2005). Corporate governance and control. European Corporate Governance Institute – ECGI Finance Working Paper n. 02/2002. (October, 2002). Updated: August, 2005. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.343461

Berle, A. & Means, G. (1932). The modern corporation and private property. New York: Macmillan.

Bizjak , J. M., Lemmon, M. L. & Whitby, R. J. (2009) Option Backdating and Board Interlocks. Review of Financial Studies, 22(11), pp. 4821-4847. doi:10.1093/rfs/hhn120

BM&FBOVESPA (2015). Metodologia do Índice Bovespa. São Paulo. Recuperado em 9 de março, 2016 de .

Boyd, B. (1990). Corporate linkages and organizational environment: A test oi the resource dependence model. Strategic Management Journal, 11(6), pp. 419-430. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250110602.

Cadbury, A. & Millstein, I. M. (2005). The new agenda for ICGN. International Corporate Governance Discussion Paper. n. 1 for the ICGN 10th Anniversary Conference London.

Carlsson, R. (2001). Ownership and Value Creation: strategic corporate governance in the new economy. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Camilo, S. P. O., Marcon, R. & Bandeira-de-Mello, R. (2012). Conexões políticas e desempenho: um estudo das firmas listadas na BM&FBovespa. Revista de Administração Contemporânea. 16(6), pp. 784-805. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-65552012000600003

Clemente, A.; Taffarel, M. & Silva, W. V. (2012). The Brazilian common stock market reaction to corporations’ performance. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation. 8(4), pp. 336-354. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJAAPE.2012.050010

Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (2002). Recomendações da CVM sobre Governança Corporativa. São Paulo: CVM.

Connelly, B. L & Slyke, E. J. V. (2012). The power and peril of board interlocks. Organizational Performance, 55(5), pp. 403-408. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2012.03.006

Copeland, T., Weston, F. & Shastri, K. (2005). Financial theory and corporative policy. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley.

Cox, B. A. & Rogerson, C. M. (1985). The corporate power elite in South Africa: interlocking directorships among large enterprises. Political Geography Quarterly, 4(3), pp. 219-234. doi:10.1016/0260-9827(85)90012-6

Daily, C. M. & D. R. Dalton (1994). Corporate Governance in the Small Firm: Prescriptions for CEOS and Directors, Journal of Small Business Strategy, 5(1), pp. 57–68.

Davis, G. F. (1991). Agents without principles? the spread of the poison pill through the intercoporate network. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(4), pp. 583-613. doi: 10.2307/2393275

Dooley, P. C. (1969). The interlocking directorate. American Economic Review, 59(3), pp. 314-323.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: an assessment and review. The Academy of Management Review. 14(1), pp. 57-74.

Fama. E. & Jensen, M. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), PP. 301-325.

Fich, E. M. & White, L. J. (2005). Why do CEOs reciprocally sit on each other’s boards? Journal of Corporate Finance, 11, pp. 175-195. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.249975

Fontes Filho, J. R. & Leal, R. P. C. (2012). Governança corporativa: discussões sobre os conselhos em empresas no Brasil. São Paulo: Saint Paul.

Gales, L. & Kesner, I. (1994). An analysis of board of director size and composition in bankrupt organizations. Journal of Business Research, 30(3), pp. 271-282. doi: 10.1016/0148-2963(94)90057-4

Guerra, S. (2009). Os papeis do Conselho de Administração em empresas listadas no Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado em Administração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Hendriksen, E. S. & Van Breda, M. F. (2007). Teoria da contabilidade. São Paulo: Atlas.

Haunschild, P. R. & Beckman, C. M. (1998). When do interlocks matter? alternate sources of information and interlock influence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(4), pp. 815-844. doi: 10.2307/2393617

Hermalin, B. & Weisbach, M. (2001). Board of directors as an endogenously determined institution: A survey of the economic literature. In: NBER [Working Paper n. 8161], Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Hillman, A., Cannella. A, & Paetzold. R. (2000). The resource dependence role of corporate directors: Strategic adaptation of board composition in response to environmental change. Journal of Management Studies. 37(2), pp. 235-256. doi: 10.1111/1467-6486.00179

Hillman, A. J. & Dalziel, T. (2003). Boards of directors and firm performance: integrating agency and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 28(3), pp. 383-396. doi:10.5465/AMR.2003.1019672

Hung, H. (1998). A typology of the theories of the roles of governing boards. Scholarly Research and Theory Papers, 6(2), pp. 101-111.

Huse, M. (2007). Boards, governance and value creation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Instituto Brasileiro de Governança Corporativa. (2004). Código das melhores práticas de governança corporativa. 3ª ed. São Paulo: IBCG.

Iudicibus, S. & Lopes, A. B. (2004). Teoria avançada da contabilidade. São Paulo: Atlas.

Jensen, M. C. & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics. 3(4), pp. 305-360. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Johnson. J., Daily, C, & Ellstrand, A. (1996). Boards of directors: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 22(3), pp. 409-438. doi:10.1016/S0149-2063(96)90031-8

Judge, W. Q. & Zeithaml, C. P. (1992). Institutional and strategic choice perspectives on board involvement in the strategic decision process. Academy of Management Journal. 35(4), pp. 758-794. doi: 10.2307/256315

Kim, Y. (2005). Board network characteristics and firm performance in Korea. Corporative Governance, 13(6), pp. 800-808. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8683.2005.00471.x

Knowles, J. C. (1973). The rockfeller financial group. Andover Mass: Warner Modular Publications.

Lambert, R. A. (2001). Contracting theory and accounting. Journal of Accounting and Economics. 32(1-3), pp. 3-87. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00037-4

Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organization. Englewoods: Prentice-Hall.

Okimura, R. T. (2003). Estrutura de propriedade, governança corporativa, valor e desempenho das empresas no Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado em Administração. Universidade de São Paulo, de São Paulo, SP, Brasil..

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2004). Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD.

Ornstein, M. D. (1982). Interlocking directorates in Canada: evidence from replacement patterns. Social Networks, 4(1), pp. 3-25. doi:10.1016/0378-8733(82)90011-9

Pearce, J. A., (1983). The relationship of internal versus external orientations to financial measures of strategic performance. Strategic Management Journal, 4(4), pp. 297-306. doi: 10.1002/smj.4250040402

Pearce, J.A. & Zahra, S.A. (1992). Board composition from a strategic contingency perspective. The Journal of Management Studies, 29(4), pp. 411-439. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00672.x

Pfeffer, J. (1972). Size and composition of corporate boards of directors: The organization and its environment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(2), pp. 218-228. doi: 10.2307/2393956

Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row.

Pratt, J.W. & R.J. Zeckhauser (1985), Principals and Agents: The Structure of Business, Harvard Business School Press: Boston.

Ross, S. A. (1973). The economic theory of agency: the principal’s problem. The American Economic Review. 63(2), pp. 134-139.

Santos, R. L. & Silveira, A. D. M. (2007) Board Interlocking no Brasil: a participação de conselheiros em múltiplas companhias e seu efeito sobre o valor da empresa. Revista Brasileira de Finanças. São Paulo, 5(2), pp. 125-163.

Schoorman, F. D., Bazerman, M. H. & Atkin, R. S. (1981). Interlocking directorates: a strategy for reducing environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Review, 6(2), pp. 243-251. doi: 10.2307/257880

Segatto-Mendes, A. P. (2001). Teoria da agência aplicada à análise de relações entre os participantes dos processos de cooperação tecnológica universidade-empresa. Tese de Doutorado em Administração. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

Selznick, P. (1965). TVA and the Grass Roots. New York: Harper and Row.

Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R. (1997). A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance, 52(2), pp. 737-783. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb04820.x

Silva, W. M. (2010). Board Interlocking, desempenho financeiro e valor das empresas brasileiras listadas na Bovespa: análise sob a ótica da teoria dos grafos e de redes sociais. Tese de Doutorado em Administração. Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil..

Silveira, A. M., Barros, L. A. B. C & Famá, R.(2003). Estrutura de governança e valor das companhias abertas brasileiras. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 43(3), pp. 50-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75902003000300005

Smith, A. (1976). The Wealth of Nations. The University of Chicago press.

Spence, M. & Zeckhauser, R. (1971). Insurance, information and individual action. American Economic Review, 61(2), pp. 380-387. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-214850-7.50027-9

Terra, P. R. S. & Lima, J. B. N. (2006). Governança corporativa e a reação do mercado de capitais à divulgação das informações contábeis. Revista Contabilidade e Finanças. São Paulo, 17 (42), pp. 35-49. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-70772006000300004

Thompson, J. G., & McEwen, W. J. (1958). Organization goals and environment: Goal setting as an interaction process. American Sociological Review. 23(1), pp. 23-31. doi: 10.2307/2088620

Williamson, O. E. (1984). The economic institutions of capitalism: firms, markets, relational contracting. Nova Iorque: Free Press.

Zajac, E. J. (1988). Interlocking directorates as an interorganizational strategy: a test of critical assumptions. The Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), pp. 428-438. doi: 10.2307/256558

Zald, M, (1969). The power and functions of boards of directors: A theoretical synthesis, American Journal of Sociology, 75(1), pp. 97-111. doi: 10.1086/224747.

Published

2016-10-11

How to Cite

Ribeiro, F., Colauto, R. D., & Clemente, A. (2016). Determinants of Board Interlocking in the Brazilian Capital Market. Journal of Education and Research in Accounting (REPeC), 10(4). https://doi.org/10.17524/repec.v10i4.1403